Wireless Cameras Guru: IP, GSM and 3G to Be the Future of Wireless Security

There are much technological advancements today but none has made as much impact to how society communicates as the development of mobile communications. Starting with two-way radios, mobile communications evolved into the 1st generation ( 1G ) analogue mobile phones and later to the second generation ( 2G ) mobile technology that runs on digital networks.

2G mobile technology ushered in the emergence of GSM or global System for Mobile Communications which featured a couple of advantages made possible thru digital systems. This includes a few benefits you are enjoying today such as text messaging and net connectivity. 2G further developed into 3G or the 3rd generation of mobile technologies and standards that are quicker and have more bandwidth than 2G technologies which may ultimately set the pace for the way ahead for wireless security.

Mobile Technologies and Wireless Security Camera Systems

3G has made it simpler for multimedia information to be sent through mobile and web networks, permitting folks to share more and higher quality pictures, video and other information from any location across the globe even when folk are on the go. This capacity sets 3G telephones apart from other telephone technologies that existed over time.

3G, IP and GSM technologies have also revolutionized the way wireless security systems are built at this time. You can now have wireless cameras that will employ broadband capabilities in these networks to send higher quality images and video footages from remote locations. Wireless cameras can now be utilised for most urban video security and surveillance applications in public places, commercial establishments and economic locations. These systems can be utilized much more easier, less time and less set-up and operational costs.

The following are some of the most recent wireless security camera system configurations that utilize the newest in mobile communication technologies available.

* IP CCTV cameras

IP or Internet custom cameras use digital camcorder systems to transmit data and other information to any PC in the security network thru the web. IP cameras can have a network video recorder ( NVR ) built in which can process and record photographs and video footages right into any digital storage media drive built into the system. The NVR can also be centralized with all wireless cameras, each having its own IP address, remotely connected and sending all feeds for centralized recording and security management.

IP video cameras remain very fashionable among those requiring video surveillance and wireless camera systems. Costs have gone down quite significantly to very affordable levels, making it quite less complicated for you to get such systems or enter into an online business reselling such units.

* GSM CCTV cameras

Wireless video security cameras that are placed in locations with some or no web connectivity can utilize GSM connectivity instead. These GSM CCTV cameras are immediately attached to your mobile phone via the GSM network, sending you cautions like SMS, MMS, or email complete with videos and photographs should there be any intrusion into your properties under surveillance.

The marketplace for GSM-capable wireless security camera systems is anticipated to increase over the following periods as more and more folks continuity to avail of mobile GSM connectivity for almost all of their personal and business applications.

* 3G video security cameras

GSM-capable wireless security cameras are even made better with the appearance of 3G connectivity. These cameras require no web connection to send photographs and video footages as they can use the 3G network to send this info right to your mobile telephones and other handheld widgets. More and more mobile users make use of 3G networks with the emergence of smart telephones and similar devices. It would just be logical for wireless camera networks to also employ these popular 3G networks to send pictures and video information.

Learn more about these new kinds of security cameras today and see how it’s possible for you to move ahead of the market by listing them on your site.

Source high quality wireless cameras on the web. Visit Chinavasion or paste this link into your browser: http://www.chinavasion.com/index.php/cName/surveillance-equipment-spy-camera/

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Wireless Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
Is Verizon Wireless changing to GSM?

I see some of their phones now use GSM on their website… Anyone know for sure?

no, verizon is still using CDMA and the phones that have GSM are dual CDMA and GSM compatible, so if you take it internationally you can use it.

Distributed Antenna Systems for Indoor Cellular Network

Some 70 – 80% of mobile traffic originates from inside buildings. This is especially true in urban environments where the focus of the mobile user is on high data rates. For mobile 3G network, only serving macro base station within a few hundred meters of the building can provide sufficient level of RF signal to support indoor voice/data services. In realty, only a few buildings will fall into this category. Soft handover in 3G network will further increase the traffic load on the network since each indoor mobile phone can be serviced by more than one macro cells (base stations). In order to provide indoor high speed mobile data services such as HSPA (High speed Packet Access) or EVDO (Evolution – Data Optimized) services, the only solution is an indoor Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS).

DAS is used to distribute the RF signal evenly with sufficient strength inside a building to provide 3G voice and data services. DAS can be used to isolate the indoor network from the outdoor serving macro cells to eliminate the soft handover of the indoor mobile phone. This will reduce the traffic load and increase the speed of the 3G network. For HSPA high speed data service, indoor DAS can also provide isolation between serving and non-serving cells of the outdoor network. This means less co-channel interference in the HSPA serving cell and results in higher data rate for the HSPA service. To dominate the building with indoor coverage, directional antennas can be deployed at the edge and corners of the building and pointing towards the center of the building. The total indoor area is dominated by the indoor cell and at the same time minimizes leakage to the macro network.

DAS distributes a uniform dominant RF signal inside the building by splitting the signal from the indoor base station to multiple indoor antennas to provide coverage throughout the building. DAS can be classified as passive or active. Passive DAS uses passive components to distribute the RF signal. These passive components are coax cable, splitters, terminators, attenuators, circulators, couplers and filters (duplexer, diplexer or triplexer). Planning DAS includes calculating the maximum loss from base station to each antenna in the systems and does the link budget for the particular area that each antenna covers. The passive DAS design needs to adapt to the limitation of the building regarding the restriction to where and how the heavy coax cable can be installed. A detail site survey of the building needed to be done to make sure that there are cable routes to all antennas.

Active DAS has the ability to automatically compensate for the losses of the cables interconnecting the components in the system by using internal calibrating signals and amplifiers. It does not matter what the distance between the antenna and the base station, all antennas in an active DAS will have the same performance (same noise figure and downlink power). Active DAS consists of a master unit (MU) connected to multiple expansion units (EU) with optical fiber up to 6 km in length. Each EU in turns connects to multiple remote units (RU) with thin coax or CAT5 cable up to 400m in length. The MU controls and monitors the performance of the DAS. The EUs are distributed throughout the building and the RUs are installed close to the antenna. A wideband active DAS can support multiple radio services, GSM, PCS, UMTS, EVDO, WiMax and WiFi.

Due to the loss and attenuation in the coax cable and passive components, passive DAS is only used in smaller building covers by a small number of indoor antennas to keep its degrading impact on HSPA performance to a minimum. For larger building, active DAS is used because it does not have cable and component loss and can boost the HSPA performance to the maximum. Troubleshoot in passive DAS is difficult and any fault in the systems will not raise an alarm at the base station because there is no surveillance of errors in the system. Active DAS monitors all units in the system and in the event of malfunction; it will send an alarm to the base station which enables the operator to pinpoint the source of the problem. Hence, active DAS is the preferred solution for large building with a lot of indoor antennas.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Cellular Terminal, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
LDL receptor mutation mcq?

A 14-year-old boy presents with tendon xanthomas on his Achilles tendons and tuberous xanthomas on his knees. His total serum cholesterol is measured at 690 mg/dL. Cellular studies of biopsied cells reveal the presence of LDL receptors in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of his macrophages, but no LDL receptors present on the surface. Which of the following mutations in the boy’s LDL receptor genes best explains his condition? i’m thinking A; any help is appreciated

THe correct answer is (A. Abnormal folding of the apoB binding site of the receptor)

Since Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1872, it has been widely used by people for calling. The invention of the radio by Guglielmo Marconi, known as wireless telegraphy, has paved the way for birth of mobile communication, which used handheld talking radios known as “walkie talkies”. These devices have been effective since their use on World War II, although the frequency limits the communication distance connecting them, in comparison to telephones. Later, the cordless phone was invented to provide people the convenience of calling people anywhere around their homes.

That’s just on the oral communication side, the written side of communication has innovated since people created drawings during prehistoric times. Alphabets came to existence as part of languages people speak since the Sumerian civilization, which led to the concept of sending and receiving written messages. Before telephones and radios were invented, people write letters and send them to their recipients through the use of postal service. It was not long until computers and Internet came to existence within the 1980s, resulting to the use of electronic mail (email) that sends and receives messages conveniently without the costly reliance on various modes of delivery.

Combining the history of both oral and written communication, SMS or short message service emerged since its first application to mobile phones in December 1982. After its debut, the number of SMS active users has grown to 2.4 billion, which makes up 74% of all mobile phone consumers. In fact, SMS has been widely used by advertisers to endorse their products and services due to the rising number of cell phone users. Due to its reliability to various consumers, 4.1 trillion text messages were sent as of 2008, making SMS text messaging service a large-scale industry, with its value worth more than $81,000,000,000 worldwide as of 2006.

Everyone who has experience on using mobile phones knows what SMS does. For those who don’t, SMS is simply defined as sending text messages and its one of the widely used functions of the mobile phone other than calling. It became part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) in 1985, wherein its technical definition is about sending a message consisting of a maximum of 160 characters. SMS users also changed the concept of using languages in order to hasten the communication process and to conveniently send short messages better at a limited space. For example, the English word “you” becomes “u”, since both the word and the letter are pronounced similarly. The shortcut words, like “u” and “y”, are also being used as part of Internet slang.

SMS works in a technical process, wherein the messages are delivered to a Short Message Service Center, which applies the “store and forward” method. It involves storing the message in a temporary location before being delivered to its last destination, which is the recipient of the text message. As mentioned earlier the maximum characters to be typed in an SMS message is 160, which includes letters, numbers, symbols, and spaces. Messages with higher content can be sent through the use of several messages, wherein each one is initiated with a user data header (UDH) that has segmentation information.

That’s how SMS is understood in terms of history, definition, and process. You may wonder yourself which function is cooler to use, calling or SMS. What matters the most is that SMS has changed the modern society that it has taken communication all the way to the next level.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Gsm Gateway, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
The owner of my apartment has asked the permission to install a device contains 16 mobiles at once?!?

Well, I’m not concerned with the purpose of this device or what is it for, but the thing is how that could be harmful to me, probably not all mobiles in that device are transmitting at the same, time I’m not sure! but it could happen, is that of any danger.

It’s 2 watts total, less than a cell phone, so there should be no concerns.

.

Bulk SMS Marketing Tips

Mobile phones have become a powerful tool. Now you can easily reach Billion of people in a personal and interactive way. Online SMS help to get in touch with people in a faster and cheaper way. There are bulk SMS dedicated Routes to various companies who look for bulk SMS as a marketing tool.OnlineSMS.in Bulk SMS Services offers compelling price-performance ratios unmatched by traditional media with its offerings like Bulk SMS software & Bulk SMS alerts and it also enables the creation of a two way SMS channel for generating leads, promoting products/services, communicating with employees, receiving feedback from customers and sending automated Bulk SMS alerts.

1: Buy in bulk if you’re a regular

Buying bulk quantities of SMS Messages can save you big bucks. I guess this is obvious, but a look at the prices on your favorite bulk SMS provider will confirm how true this is — so think before you buy.

If you’re going to be sending SMS messages to small groups, but regularly, buy in bulk. Think of your overall SMS needs for, say, 3 or 6 months or maybe even a year, if you’re serious about SMS marketing, in order to cut costs dramatically.

2: Be careful about the encoding

The SMS protocol has support for different SMS message encodings. The most common is GSM ,but there is also UCS-2 support.. In short, GSM contains only a number of characters, while UCS-2supports practically every language out there. If GSM doesn’t cover your needs, beware because the character limit drops in UCS-2 from 160 characters per SMS to 70 characters per SMS!
So make sure you’re informed – or you might end up getting charged for double the amount of SMS messages you meant to send!

3: Did you know what ‘concatenation’ is?

Concatenation is an option someBulk SMS providers offer — others don’t, and others have it set as default. Without it, if you send an SMS that’s over 160 chars (if it’s on the GSM encoding) your ‘one’ SMS will get delivered as two separate SMS messages on the consumers mobile phone. Be sure your bulk SMS provider offers this option, if you will often be sending messages that exceed the limit.

4: Remember to include contact details

Given the nature of my profession, I register my mobile phone number in all sorts of places. As a result I get sent loads of texts from various SMS marketing campaigns. Once in a while there’s a text that I find interesting, so at that point I need a way to participate, either by sending an SMS, or by calling a number.

The problem is I have seen too many of these texts without full contact details so I can choose what suits me best.

This is really important when the SMS being sent is a call-to-action or if the consumer might have a question or require clarifications.

For example, restaurants often send me promotional SMS messages, but in case I want to participate I want more than just the phone number they usually give me. Why not also has the website, so I can visit it directly from my phone, or also have the ability to text back to participate/book a table/etc?

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Sms Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
How do I send and receive SMS messages to a cell phone in Moscow, Russia without having a GSM phone in the USA

The best way to send an SMS message to a cell phone in Moscow, Russia is to go online and send it using the cell phone service provider’s web site. If the number is +7926xxxxxxx or just xxxxxxx, then you should go to http://sms.megafonmoscow.ru. If it is a different number try http://sms.mts.ru or http://www.beonline.ru/portal/comm/send_sms/simple_send_sms.sms. These are the websites of the 3 largest cell phone service providers in Moscow. If this doesn’t work try going to the cell phone service provider’s website and sending it from there.

The good intention of the new National Broadband Network is to provide ninety percent of Australians with a fast Internet connection. The unfortunate side effect for owners of monitored security systems is that there will no longer be any telephone landlines and therefore their alarm system will no longer be able to communicate with the alarm receiver at the Back to Base Monitoring Company.

Home and business owners have two or three options. The first is to replace their landline with a fixed wireless terminal which will allow their alarm panel to make calls over the GSM network. This overcomes the immediate problem, but leaves them paying twenty five to forty cents per call to expensive 13xx numbers.

The second option is to use a GPRS network which has the benefit of removing phone call costs but the equipment costs and ongoing service cost will be too expensive for most home owners and many small businesses. Consumers also have to consider that the 2G GSM network itself is also due to be closed within 5-7 years.

By far the easiest solution to the problem is to use a simple, low cost, “off the shelf” VoIP analogue terminal adapter (ATA). They are widely available in many high street retailers or online for well under $100 which is thought to be the maximum price that the majority of Australians will be prepared to pay to upgrade their alarm system. A large number of people may already own a VoIP adapter for use with their VoIP service and some of the two line versions can be used for alarm monitoring service alongside voice service.

When the time comes for your landline to be removed, the key to a trouble free upgrade is to do your research in advance and have a plan of action. Search the Internet for as much information as possible on IP alarm monitoring and be ready to switch alarm companies as many will not be as well prepared as you are.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Terminal Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
Sim Card on PC to make calls and receive txts?

Hello, i would like to use my sim card on my computer in order to make phone calls and receive texts.
Is it possible to do so by using a simple card reader ?
If not would a gsm wireless terminal solve the problem anyhow ?

Sorry to say but it isn’t possible.

A Study on WiFi and WiMAX Layred Structures

A Study on WiFi and WiMAX Layred Structures

Dr.Hari Ramakrishna

Professor, Department of CSE,

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of technology

Gandipet -500 075, Hyderabad,

dr.hariramakrishna@rediffmail.com

K.Ravi

Asst. Professor

Dept. of Informatics

Alluri Institute of Management Sciences

kolipakaravi@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

The connectionless approach of WiFi, it was designed to be capable of providing high-rate, high-quality data services to mobile users in medium to wide areas at very reasonable service charges. Mobile WiMAX is very new, with the first IEEE 802. This paper details with the network technologies adopted by Mobile WiMAX for the implementation of IP-based broadband mobile wireless access and the WiFi technologies for IP-based wireless local network access. These access and local technologies have many things in common, most prominently that both are oriented toward IP traffic and standardized by IEEE 802 working groups.  In this paper we first introduce WiFi and WiMAX and later we see the similarities and differences between these two wireless communication technologies.

Keywords: WiFi, WiMAX, IEEE 802.16e, Physical Layer, MAC Layer, Network Configuration, Connectionless Service, Protocol

1. INTRODUCTION

Mobile WiMAX and WiFi were generated independently each other by different standards groups and  or different target frequency bands. In addition, the goals were different: Mobile WiMAX was   intended to offer a wireless access means to wide area networks, whereas WiFi was intended to function as a wireless extension to the existing local area networks. Consequently, the employed PHY and MAC technologies were different from each other as each was optimized to its own targeted goals. Nevertheless, they possess an important commonality: both standard groups are under the same umbrella of IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee, which has developed various access and connectivity protocols on the foundation of the same packet-mode (or IP-mode) concept, as opposed to other existing cellular wireless systems that employ the circuit-mode concept.

2. WiFi and WiMAX

Standardization of Mobile WiMAX and WiFi was dictated by IEEE 802.16 and 802.11 Working Groups (WGs), respectively, both under the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee. The IEEE 802.16 standardization dates back to 1999, with the first IEEE 802.16 standard published in 2002. A series of IEEE 802.16 standards soon followed, with the 802.16a, 802.16d, and 802.16e standards published in 2003, 2004, and 2006, respectively. In contrast, the IEEE 802.11 standardization was started much earlier, with the first baseline standard of IEEE 802.11 published in 1997. Subsequently, the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b standards were published in 1999 and 802.11g in 2003.

2.1 IEEE 802.16/WIMAX STANDARDIZATION

The IEEE 802.16 standard has been developed by the IEEE 802.16 WG on broadband wireless access (BWA) since 1999. This standard was initially designed for fixed wireless services and was expanded to support mobility feature in IEEE 802.16e. In parallel with that, the Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) of Korea worked on the standardization of WiBro system in harmonization with IEEE 802.16e, thereby positioning it as a special profile of the IEEE 802.16e standard. WiMAX system, the commercial profile of IEEE 802.16 standard, has been developed by WiMAX Forum. Among IEEE 802 standard committees responsible for standardization of PHY and MAC layers of LAN/MAN, IEEE 802.16WGhas developed BWA standards since it was formed in 1999.

                This standard was initially designed to support fixed BWA service in LOS environment of 10–66-GHz band and IEEE 802.16-2001 [8] was approved by the Standard Board of the IEEE Standard Association (IEEE-SA) in 2001. Later, in the NLOS environment of the 2–11-GHz band, IEEE 802.16a standard [9], which includes three types of physical layers, SCa, OFDM, and OFDMA was developed in 2003 These standards were later revised and consolidated by IEEE 802.16 Task Group d (TGd) and its final version, IEEE 802.16, was approved.

                On the other hand, IEEE 802.TGe was organized to enhance the standards by including mobility in 2002. In the beginning, it started with incorporating a limited mobility to the existing OFDMA specification with 1,024-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) and 5-MHz bandwidth. Later, it was expanded to encompass full mobility.

2.2 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM FOR WIMAX

The IEEE 802.16 standard system operates in two different frequency bands: one is in the 10–66-GHz band, and the other is the “below 11 GHz” band, or the 2–11-GHz band, specifically.

Table 1: Frequency Spectrum Allocation for Wireless Communication Services in Korea

3. BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKS

IEEE 802.16 generated a family of standards for BWA, among which the IEEE 802.16e standard includes the mobility feature that yields the Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX supports roaming service in metropolitan and regional networks, so allows mobile connectivity to mobile users. The target mobility is 120 km/h and the peak throughput is 18.7-Mbps downlink and 5.0-Mbps uplink in the case of DL/UL ratio 29:18 and 10-MHz bandwidth. It utilizes the cell concept and the coverage of a cell is in the range a few kilometers. Equipped with such features, Mobile WiMAX is advantageous in supporting low-latency data, video and real-time voice services for mobile users at high speed.

                The protocol layering of the IEEE 802.16 system consists of a MAC layer and a physical layer, with the MAC layer divided into three sublayers, namely, service specific convergence sublayer (CS), MAC common part sublayer (CPS), and security sublayer. The service-specific CS performs functions of converging user services to MACCPS. There are two CS specifications, namely ATM CS and packet CS, but the packet CS is more commonly used for transporting all packet-based protocols such as IP, point-to-point protocol (PPP), and Ethernet.

                Among these CSs, only IP CS is included in the WiMAX profile. MAC CPS is the main body of the MAC layer, which supports all different types of service-specific CSs in common. It provides a mechanism that enables all the users to share the wireless medium effectively. Specifically, it provides the core MAC functionality such as system access, bandwidth allocation, connection establishment, and connection maintenance. The security sublayer (or privacy sublayer) provides authentication, privacy key exchange, and encryption functions. The security function is supported by an authenticated client/ server key management protocol (KMP) in which the BS controls the distribution

of the keying material to mobile stations.

3.1 PHYSICAL LAYER

In the IEEE 802.16 standards, four different types of physical layers for operation in different frequency bands, based on different multiple access technologies—namely, Wireless MAN-SC, Wireless- SCa, Wireless-OFDM, and Wireless-OFDMA. In addition, Wireless HUMAN PHY is specified for use in the license-exempt bands. The most commonly used among the four are the Wireless MAN-OFDM and Wireless MAN-OFDMA, which are used in the fixed and mobile BWA networks, respectively.

                The OFDM/OFDMA-based IEEE 802.16 WiMAX system has several distinctive features in employing advanced technologies: First, it adopts the time division duplex (TDD) scheme for sharing communication channels between uplink and downlink, in addition to the frequency division duplex (FDD) that has been widely adopted in the existing circuit-mode mobile wireless systems. Second, it adopts the OFDMA scheme for sharing the communication link among multiple users, whereas the existing mobile wireless systems adopted TDMA or CDMA schemes.

                Third, it uses AMC technology for an efficient modulation, demodulation, coding, and decoding of communication signals. AMC dynamically changes the modulation and coding techniques depending on the channel status, thereby enhancing the system efficiency in varying wireless channel conditions. Fourth, it employs multiple antenna technologies so that it can significantly enhance the system performance and increase transmission capacity by taking advantage of the space diversity, spatial multiplexing, and beam forming with interference nulling effects. In addition, it takes a larger channel bandwidth (e.g., 10 MHz) for operator allocation than the existing mobile system did, within which the operator can actively apply these technologies.

                The support of the mobility, which is a very important feature of the Mobile WiMAX system, it adopts efficient technologies for battery power saving and IP-based mobility. For battery power saving, the Mobile WiMAX system adopts the sleep/idle mode terminal operation. When each MS is not in awake mode, it goes into the sleep mode, and for further power saving, it can go into the idle mode, in which case it does not register to any BS but only receives the downlink paging messages periodically. For mobility, the Mobile WiMAX can use mobile IP, which manages the location information by home and foreign agents. It realizes terminal mobility through the handover function among the neighboring BSs and it basically supports the hard handover scheme.

                Supported by these advanced technologies, the Mobile WiMAX system sets aggressive requirements on system performance and data services. It supports the data transmission rate of 18.7 Mbps downstream and 5.0 Mbps upstream in case of DL/UL ratio 29:18 and 10 MHz bandwidth for non-MIMO case. The peak data rates are doubled if MIMO technology is applied. The Mobile WiMAX supports the frequency reuse factor (FRF) of 1 for all cells, the user mobility of 120 km/h, and the handover latency of 150 ms. Table 1.14 lists the features of Mobile WiMAX system

in 10 MHz bandwidth with 29:18 DL/UL ratio.

3.2 MAC LAYER

Mobile WiMAX is connection-oriented system, which enables it to tightly control the resource allocation and QoS, as well as the security function, needed for broadband wireless access. The MAC function of Mobile WiMAX is divided into three sublayers, namely service-specific CS, CPS, and security sublayer. The service specific CS performs the functions needed for converging user services to MAC CPS, including the reception, classification, and processing of the higher layer PDUs, the delivery of CS PDUs to the appropriate MAC SAP, and the receiving of CS PDUs from the peer entity. The MAC CPS performs the core MAC functionality including system access, bandwidth allocation, connection establishment, and connection maintenance, as well as effective user sharing of the wireless medium.

For the enhancement of reliability of data transmission, Mobile WiMAX adopts both ARQ and HARQ mechanisms. ARQ is a primitive form of error recovery technique that totally relies on the retransmission of the erred packets, and HARQ is an enhanced form of ARQ that utilizes FEC for the improvement of detection capability. Specifically, HARQ exploits the information in the original message to aid the decoding of the retransmitted messages.

                ARQ in Mobile WiMAX is enabled on a per-connection basis and is specified and negotiated during connection setup. Mobile WiMAX defines four ARQ feedback types to signal ACK/NAK, namely, selective ACK, cumulative ACK, cumulative with selective ACK, and cumulative ACK with block sequence ACK. In the case of HARQ, both Chase combining and incremental redundancy (IR) HARQ methods are defined in the IEEE 802.16e standards but only Chase combining HARQ is included in the WiMAX profile.

Table 2: System Feature of the Mobile WiMAX System (10-MHz BW)

                The principal mechanism of Mobile WiMAX for providing QoS is to associate packets traversing the MAC interface into a service flow. The MS and BS provide the QoS according to the QoS parameter set defined for the service flow. As the mechanisms of providing QoS services, Mobile WiMAX defines several bandwidth allocation types, which reflect the delay requirements and traffic characteristics, and their corresponding data delivery services, such as unsolicited grant service (UGS), extended real-time variable-rate (ERT-VR) service, real-time variable-rate (RT-VR) service, nonreal-time variable-rate (NRT-VR) service, and best effort (BE) service.

                In order to enhance the efficiency of the bandwidth usage, the Mobile WiMAX adopts well-organized bandwidth request, grant, and polling mechanisms, which are supported by these five different types of delivery services. The downlink bandwidth is solely managed by the downlink scheduler at the BS, but the uplink bandwidth is allocated by BS to MSs through the resource request and grant process. For the implementation of QoS services, Mobile WiMAX employs the enforcement functions such as scheduling, CAC, and policing. These functions are designed to maximize the QoS satisfaction, minimize the QoS violation, and protect the QoS of the contract-conforming connections.

                For the mobility, Mobile WiMAX basically supports the hard handover scheme, as it is optimized for IP data traffic, but it also supports soft handover (in the standard, but not in the WiMAX profile). Handover is performed in two main processes, namely, network topology acquisition process and handover execution process: The network topology acquisition periodically updates the parameter values needed for making handover decision, and the handover execution practically executes the handover through a series of processes such as neighbor scanning, handover capability negotiation, MS release, and network re-entry. Power saving is crucial to terminal mobility, and Mobile WiMAX supports both sleep mode and idle mode operations: the sleep mode allows MS to be absent from the serving BS air interface while not in use, and the idle mode allows MS to be mostly idle and only listen to the paging messages periodically.

3.3 NETWORK CONFIGURATION

The WiMAX system is originally designed to be a data-centric network based on the IP technology, different from the existing voice-centric mobile communication networks that used circuit-mode technology. It adopts an all-IP network structure tailored for Internet service provision, so the network structure is simple and is adequate for provision of diverse set of services.

                The following figure illustrates the configuration of Mobile WiMAX network. As the network is designed based on the all-IP network concept, the network configuration is very simple and the network construction cost is low. The network has a star architecture, with the mobile stations located at the end of the branches. The IP packets sent by MSs get accessed to the Internet via the BS to access service network gateway (ASN-GW) path. This demonstrates how simple it is to provide Internet services over the WiMAX network. Consequently, a diverse set of services can be provided over the WiMAX network at low cost, with the voice service provided in VoIP form.

Figure 1 Illustration of Mobile WiMAX network configuration.

                Mobile WiMAX network consists of access service network (ASN) and connectivity service network (CSN). ASN consists of three basic building blocks, namely, MS, BS, and ASN-GW, and the CSN consists of various servers and core routers/switches. So the Mobile WiMAX network configuration is much simpler than existing circuit-based mobile communication networks such as the IS-95/EV-DO family system, which includes base station controller (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC), or the GSM/WCDMA family system, which includes radio network controller (RNC), serving GPRS support node (SGSN), and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN), in place of ASN-GW

                To be more specific, the BS collects user terminal data via wireless path, passes it to the ASN-GW in the upstream, and distributes the data received from the ASN-GW to the MSs in the downstream. The functions of BS include wireless access processing, radio resources management and control, mobility support for seamless services while moving, QoS support for stable service quality, and overall equipment control and management. On the other hand, the ASN-GW connects the BS with the various servers and core routers/switches in the CSN. It performs the routing function transferring data between the BS and the CSN and the control function controlling the MSs, services, and mobility.

4. WIFI: WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

IEEE 802.11 WLAN or WiFi is probably the most widely accepted broadband wireless networking technology, providing the highest transmission rate among standard- based wireless networking technologies. Today’s WiFi devices based on IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g provide transmission rates up to 54 Mbps and, further, a new standard IEEE 802.11n, which supports up to 600 Mbps, is being standardized. The transmission range of a typical WiFi device is up to 100m, where its exact range can

vary depending on the transmission power, the surrounding environments, and others. The 802.11 devices operate in unlicensed bands at 2.4 and 5 GHz, where the exact available bands depend on each county.

                Most of today’s laptop computers as well as many PDAs and smart phones are shipped with embedded WLAN interfaces. Moreover, many electronic devices including VoIP phones, personal gaming devices, MP3 players, digital cameras, and camcorders are being equipped with WLAN interfaces as well. The most typical applications of the 802.11 WLAN should be the Internet access of portable devices in various networking environments including campus, enterprise, home, and hot-spot environments, where one or more access points (APs) are deployed to provide the Internet service in a given area.

                The 802.11 can be used for a peer-to-peer communication among devices where APs are not deployed. For examples, laptops and PDAs in proximity can use the 802.11 to share their local files. Also, people in proximity can do networked gaming using their gaming devices with the 802.11 interface. It is primarily being used for the indoor purpose. However, it can be also used in outdoor environments, and some level of mobility (e.g., the walking speed) can be also supported.

                The IEEE 802.11 WG has generated a family of standards for WLAN. The 802.11 pacifications are limited to PHY and MAC layers, and the existing higher layer protocols, which were originally developed for wireline networking technologies, can work on top of the 802.11 since it was basically developed to provide the service similar to the 802.3 Ethernet. At one point, this technology was referred to as “Wireless Ethernet.” In typical 802.11 devices, the 802.2 LLC protocol sits on top of the 802.11 MAC, where IP sits on top of the LLC. Through its evolution, the 802.11 is becoming much more than Ethernet.

                For example, the 802.11e MAC enables multimedia applications such as voice over IP (VoIP)

over WLAN. The protocols for seamless mobility are being developed since the support of seamless mobility became quite critical along with the emergence of WLAN-based VoIP phones In fact, people are also trying to use this technology for vehicular networking (e.g., car-to-car and car-to-roadside) as well.

4.1 PHYSICAL LAYER

The IEEE 802.11 PHYs have been evolving dramatically. The baseline standard of IEEE 802.11 defined three different PHY protocols, namely, direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS), frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS), and IR, where all three PHYs supported only the transmission rates of 1 and 2 Mbps. The extensions of the 802.11 PHY include the 802.11a supporting up to 54 Mbps based on the OFDM, the 802.11b (published in 1999) supporting up to 11 Mbps based on the complementary code keying (CCK), and the 802.11g (published in 2003) again based on OFDM to support up to 54-Mbps transmission rates.

                The 802.11 PHYs operate in unlicensed bands at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. While most of other PHYs, including DSSS, FHSS, 802.11b, and 802.11g operate at the 2.4-GHz bands, the 802.11a operates at the 5-GHz bands. The 802.11g, in fact, includes the mandatory transmission schemes of the 802.11b, while the 802.11b includes the baseline DSSS PHY. That is, the 802.11g is backward compatible with the 802.11b, while the 802.11b is backward compatible with the baseline DSSS PHY. This implies that an 802.11g device can communicate with an 802.11b device using the transmission schemes of the 802.11b. Today, the most popular 802.11 PHY is the 802.11g, thanks to its fast transmission rate as well as low-cost chipset availability even though the 2.4-GHz bands, where the 802.11g operate, are much more crowded than the 5-GHz bands of the 802.11a.

                The 802.11 basically operates with a time division duplexing (TDD) scheme for the sharing between uplink and downlink transmissions. That is, a single frequency channel is used for all the transmissions in a basic service set (BSS), which is a similar concept as a cell in typical cellular networks. The transmission bandwidth depends on the PHY as well. For example, the 802.11a and 802.11g signals occupy a 20 MHz band while the 802.11b signals occupy a 22-MHz band.

                The 802.11 PHYs support multiple transmission rates by using different combinations of modulation and coding schemes (MCSs). Both the 802.11a and 802.11g support up to 54 Mbps, which make the 802.11 the fastest standards-based wireless technology as of today. In fact, as discussed in Section 1.3.2, the emerging 802.11n PHY will support up to 600 Mbps by utilizing multiple antenna technologies (i.e., MIMO schemes) and channel bonding (i.e., using 40-MHz bandwidth instead of 20 MHz). As 802.11 PHYs support multiple transmission rates, selecting a rate for a given packet transmission is a very important issue for the performance optimization of the network. In general, the higher the transmission rate, the shorter the transmission range is since high-order modulation schemes require higher signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) for successful transmissions.

                The transmission power level for the 802.11 PHY depends on the regulation of the corresponding country. Each country defines the upper limit of the transmission power at particular unlicensed bands. Typical 802.11 devices emit the power up to 20 dBm.

4.2 MAC LAYER

The 802.11 baseline standard defines connectionless MAC for the best-effort service. The baseline MAC is composed of two coordination functions, namely, the mandatory contention-based distributed coordination function (DCF) and the optional contention-free point coordination function (PCF). The DCF is based on carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and the PCF is a poll-and-response MAC.

Table 3: Various PHYs of IEEE 802.11

                In fact, the PCF was rarely implemented in real products due to its complexity, the lack of needs, the lack of desirable operational functions, and others. Under the DCF, which was employed by most, if not all, WiFi devices, a station transmits only when it determines that the channel is not occupied by other transmissions, and this makes this MAC a perfect fit to the operation at unlicensed bands, at which various types of devices should coexist with some etiquette.

                The baseline MAC is enhanced by the 802.11e to support quality-of-service (QoS) for multimedia applications such VoWLAN, video streaming, and so forth. The 802.11e MAC is called hybrid coordination function (HCF), which comprises the contention-based enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and the polland- response HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). EDCA and HCCA enhance DCF and PCF, respectively. EDCA provides prioritized channel access to frames with different priorities, where lower priority frame might be transmitted before higher priority frames due to the contentious nature of the EDCA. HCCA relies on the polling and downlink frame scheduling of the AP to meet the QoS described by a set of parameters. The 802.11e also defines various features needed for QoS provisioning, including the means for admission control of QoS streams.               

                The carrier-sensing feature of the MAC, the 802.11 inherently supports FRF of one. That is, even if the neighboring cells use the same frequency channel, the performance degradation due to the cochineal interference will be minimal since stations transmit frames only when they determine other neighboring stations are not transmitting. Apparently, depending on how the cells are deployed and which frequency channels are used for cells, there is room to improve the networking performance. That is, it is the best if neighboring cells can operate at non overlapping channels. However, the number of available non overlapping channels varies depending on the countries. The number of non overlapping channels at the 2.4-GHz bands is only three in most countries, and hence it is almost impossible to allocate non overlapping channels to all neighboring cells. This is particularly true in multistory building environments, since the cell structure is three-dimensional.

                The 802.11 MAC supports reliable transmission of frames using ARQ. The baseline MAC defines a stop-and-wait ARQ, for which a receiver of a data frame responds with an ACK frame immediately after a successful reception. The 802.11e MAC then defines an enhanced ARQ scheme (i.e., selective repeat ARQ) using a mechanism called block ACK, in which a control frame called block ACK is transmitted by the receiver after the transmission of a number of data frames. A block

ACK includes a bit map indicating which of the previous transmitted frames were successfully received and which were not.

                The mobility support has not been a major concern of the WiFi since people rarely use their laptop or PDA to access the Internet via WLAN while they are moving around. However, some level of mobility is supported by the 802.11. For example, the walking speed mobility is surely supported. The 802.11 allows a station to be associated with a single AP at a given time. That is, a hard handoff is supported. Along with the emergence of the VoWLAN applications, supporting seamless and smooth handoffs in the 802.11 WLAN becomes a hot topic.

                Power saving is one of the major concerns for portable mobile communication devices. The 802.11 MAC defines power-saving mode (PSM) operation, in which a station switches back and forth between the active and the doze states, where the station consumes minimal energy in the doze state since it can neither transmit nor receive frames while staying in the doze state. The 802.11e further enhances the power-saving scheme, thus defining a scheme called automatic power-save delivery (APSD), which allows a station to save some power even during a QoS stream operation

                The baseline MAC of the 802.11 had security mechanisms for confidentiality (via encryption) and authentication, but these schemes were found to be too weak to protect the security of the WiFi users. The problems included the cryptographic weakness of the encryption scheme (called RC4), the lack of key management, and so on. For example, under the legacy security mechanism, the same security key is basically used for every station in the network, while the key is rarely changed over

time. Such a security hole of the 802.11 was a big hurdle for the wide acceptance of WiFi at one point. Especially for enterprise networking, a strong security support was a mandatory requirement. Then, IEEE 802.11i enhanced security features by defining the robust security network (RSN), which is composed of stronger encryption schemes, per-frame authentication, per-station key management, and so on.

                IEEE 802.11h defines mechanisms for spectrum managements including dynamic frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC). While the 5-GHz bands, where the 802.11a operates, are unlicensed bands, there are in fact primary users who also use these bands. Those primary users are satellite and radar systems. The regulatory body in Europe required a WLAN device to have both DFS and TPC functions to minimize the interference of the WLAN to these primary users. That is, when a radar system is detected, the WLAN devices should leave the current channel to switch to another channel, and when a satellite system is detected, the WLAN devices have to limit their transmission power to the regulatory maximum minus 3 dB.

4.3 NETWORK CONFIGURATION

The basic form of the 802.11 network is called a basic service set (BSS), which comprises a number of stations. IEEE 802.11 supports two types of network configurations, namely, infrastructure and ad hoc modes. An infrastructure BSS is composed of an AP and a number of stations that are associated with the AP

Figure 2: Illustration of WiFi network configuration: (a) ESS composed of infrastructure BSS, and (b) IBSS.

                A station in an infrastructure BSS communicates with other stations or nodes outside the WLAN through its AP. IEEE 802.11 AP contains all the functions for a station, and also provides various services, including the routing of the frames from and to its stations. APs are connected through the backbone, called distribution system (DS), to form an extended service set (ESS), which can provide a seamless WLAN service to a given area. One can understand an infrastructure BSS as a cell in a cellular network. An 802.11 station can hand off from an AP to another AP while it moves around within an ESS.

                Independent BSS (IBSS) is the other type of BSS, which is used for the ad hoc mode. An IBSS is composed of a number of stations that can communicate directly each other. The 802.11 does not support wireless multi hob communications. In order to support wireless multihop communications, the stations should implement a layer-3 routing function, such as by employing a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocol.

                The 802.11 standards do not define how to implement the DS. That is, how to connect multiple APs is not specified in the standard. There are different ways to construct a DS. In typical deployments of the 802.11 WLAN, APs are connected via Ethernet. However, the standard also allows them to be connected wirelessly. Another issue is whether an AP is a layer-2 or layer-3 device. By default, an AP is a layer-2 bridging (or switching) device, and all the APs are connected via layer-2 bridges.

                In such a case, all the APs along with the associated stations are within the same subnet. However, an AP can be implemented as a layer-3 device (or router) such that the frame forwarding is made based on the layer-3 IP address. The 802.11 MAC can be actually divided into a time critical lower MAC, including the frame transmission/reception, and a less time-critical upper MAC related with the network management. In fact, an AP can be also implemented as a lower layer-2 device. That is, an AP might include only the lower MAC functions, and then less time-critical upper MAC functions are implemented in a so-called WLAN switch, which connects multiple APs with only lower MAC functions.

5. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

Mobile WiMAX and WiFi are access technologies developed by IEEE 802.16 and 802.11 WGs, respectively, where both 802.16 and 802.11 WGs are under the umbrella of IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee. Various access and connectivity protocols in the IEEE 802 family are developed for the packet-switched networking, and both IEEE 802.16 and 802.11 are also along the same line. This is quite different from other cellular technologies (e.g., those developed by 3GPP and 3GPP2, which evolved from voice communication-oriented circuit-switched networking). While both 802.16 and 802.11 define peer-to-peer, mesh, or ad hoc modes of operation, their primary network configuration is a star topology, where a user station communicates though its AP or BS to connect to the rest of the world.

                It should be also mentioned that many people envision that these two technologies are quite complementary in that WiFi is better for lower-mobility networking while Mobile WiMAX is better for higher-mobility networking. Portable devices supporting both technologies are emerging today, and the protocols for inter working of heterogeneous access technologies like Mobile WiMAX and WiFi are being developed today (e.g., IEEE 802.21).

                There are a number of differences between Mobile WiMAX and WiFi. First of all, Mobile WiMAX is developed for wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), providing the transmission range of a few kilometers, while WiFi is for wireless local area network (WLAN) with the transmission range up to 100m. Mobile WiMAX is also mostly for commercial networks operated by service providers. However, WiFi is mainly for noncommercial networks deployed and maintained by an individual or a company.

                Home and enterprise networking are good examples of WiFi. In their typical commercial deployment scenarios, Mobile WiMAX is meant for the seamless service coverage in a city or even a whole country, while WiFi is for spotty coverage provisioning at hot-spot areas, such as airports, coffee shops, and shopping malls, where many people gather. Mobile WiMAX was developed to support high mobility so that users can use this technology even inside a moving car or a train, but WiFi is mainly for nomadic users, who use this technology while mostly staying at a given place. WiFi can also support some low mobility (e.g., walking speed) but most of WiFi devices are not optimized for mobility support since people rarely use WiFi devices while moving around.

                In terms of their technical operations, there are a number of differences as well. First of all, the MAC protocols are very different. The baseline MAC for WiFi relies on CSMA/CA, which is connectionless and contention-based. As WiFi operates at unlicensed bands, where various heterogeneous devices have to smoothly coexist, the adoption of CSMA/CA, which allows a device to transmit only when the channel is deemed to be free, seems a very natural and perfect choice. On the other hand, Mobile WiMAX employs a connection-oriented bandwidth request and allocation MAC. s Mobile WiMAX operates at licensed bands, for better QoS support, this type of centralized ACseems to be a good choice.

                While QoS provisioning in wireless networks is always challenging due to time-varying nature of the network, it should be more feasible to provide proper QoS by using licensed bands. While Wi-Fi only supports TDD, Mobile WiMAX supports both TDD and FDD.4 As discussed in the previous sections, WiFi supports various kinds of PHYs such as 802.11 and 802.11a/b/g, whereas the Mobile WiMAX supports OFDMA PHY based on 802.16e.5 The OFDMA PHY allows multiple users to receive/transmit simultaneously by using different sub carriers. IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g are OFDM PHYs, but not OFDMA. That is, all the sub carriers are used for the transmission to a single receiver at a given time.

6. SUMMARY

WiFi and WiMAX both are the wireless transmission techniques. Both will have thee own advantages and disadvantages. Now a today’s we are using the WiFi technology and next feature technology is WiMAX which can implemented in 4G. we can implement both technologies combinable so that we can provide Quality of Service (QoS), Reliability, long distance coverage, we also overcome the signal loss problem because  WiMAX provides high frequency range which are specked in the IEEE standards. The WiFi and WiMAX layers provides different functionality.

7.  REFERENCES

[1] Lee, B. G., D. Park, and H. Seo, Wireless Communications Resource Management, New York: Wiley-IEEE, 2008.

[2] Goldsmith, A., Wireless Communications, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[3] Feuerstein, M. J., et al., “Path Loss, Delay Spread, and Outage Models as Functions of Antenna Height for Microcellular System Design,” IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 43, No. 3, August 1994, pp. 487−498.

[4] 3GPP TR 25.814, Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), v. 7.1.0, September 2006.

[5] IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 and IEEE Std 802.16-2004/Cor1-2005, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, February 2006.

[6] FCC CFR47, Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations; Part 15: Radio Frequency Devices, Federal Communication Commission, September 2007.

[7] ETSI EN 301 893, Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); 5 GHz High Performance RLAN; Part 2: Harmonized EN Covering Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive, v. 1.3.1 August 2005.

[8] IEEE Std 802.16-2001, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, April 2002.

[9] IEEE Std 802.16a-2003, Amendment 2 to Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless

[10] IEEE Std 802.16-2004, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, revision of IEEE Std 802.16-2001, October 2004.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Terminal Gsm Gateway, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”

Buying a Hospitality Phone Pabx Phone System

What do I need when buying a Motel Phone System?

In today’s competitive business environment, your success as a hospitality provider depends on first class service. You need an effective communication solution that enhances the efficiency of your operations and improves the level of customer service you provide your guests.

Of all the equipment that you operate at your Motel, nothing is more important than your phone system & service. It is therefore very important that you choose your Hospitality PABX Phone System carefully. Both Alcatel and Samsung offer a range of advanced hospitality solution PABX Telephone Systems suitable for Hotels, Hospitals, Nursing Homes or Halls of Residence. Review these systems and download product brochures at http://www.telaustralia.com.au

PABX stands for Private Automated Branch Exchange. The older PBX Phone System models were manually operated and usually required an operator. Modern PABX systems now use software to do the work of the operator.

Getting a price for a Phone Systems is easy. But will it really have the hospitality PABX System functions and features you require. To get an accurate price estimate you need to carefully plan your current & future network and determine the required PABX functions and features you need. Review systems functions and request a quotation at http://www.telaustralia.com.au/phone_systems/hotel_and_motel_phone_systems

The first thing you need to plan out is how many lines you have in, are the lines PSTN (standard analogue or POTS Plain Old telephone Service) or ISDN & how many handsets do you need. If your lines are ISDN lines do you have ISDN 2 or ISDN 102030 On Ramp? Do you have an Indial Number range? This is all important when requesting a quotation for a PABX Telephone System.

Then think about growth. Will you need more lines coming in and are you likely to require additional handsets? Providing this information when getting a quotation will allow your supplier to provide an appropriate sized PABX System that will have adequate Space and cards for your future needs.

Will you require any of the following Voice Features:-

* Voice Mail
* Auto Attendant – press 1 for front desk, 2 for restaurant, 3 for housekeeping etc.
* Music or message on hold?
* What level of Handset do you require? Most Hotels have 1- 4 higher end digital handsets at the front desk.

Will you require Digital Display handsets for the rooms or will non-display models suffice. Most hotels don’t have display handsets in the rooms.

Then you need to think about the functions and features you will need from your PABX. Current models from Alcatel and Samsung allow the operator to simply & quickly perform many of the following features :-

* Book & Check In Rooms & Determine Room Status
* Fax & Email Confirmation letters
* Automatic Invoicing eliminating manual accounting
* Take & Store Guest details & preferences for frequent visitors
* Guest Database/Contact Management
* Distribute Calls to Housekeeping, Room Service & Front Desk
* Guest Messaging Services
* Direct In Dial Calls to rooms
* Room Call Accounting with customisable call tariffs
* Phone Restrictions while guest is out of room
* Security features

Many of the larger PABX Manufacturers have models that have a wide range of integrated functions that can assist in the day to day running of a motel without the need for a PC. These functions are operated directly from the front desk phone handset. This system will usually suffice for a motel/hotel up to around 20 rooms.

Of course if you are running a larger Motel/Hotel with 20 plus rooms and you require the full range of Management & Guest Functions then the PABX Phone System Software provided can be integrated with your PC network.

If you are starting out from scratch you will need to arrange your phones lines. We suggest mid size hotels go with an ISDN Phone services. ISDN lines provide for crisper voice quality and allow for Indial Number Ranges. Commonly accepted line ratios for a Motel/Hotel are 1:5 not including front desk and management requirements.

This means with 1 X ISDN 2 for every 10 Rooms and a multiple of an ISDN 10/20/30 once you go over 50 rooms. Of course if you think your usage will be low it can be cheaper to go with a higher ratio and then add lines in later if usage patterns & line availability dictate more lines.

Another line option to consider is an In Dial Number range or Direct In dial Range. Direct In dial provides more numbers than lines and means that a caller can call directly to the room with out the intervention of a Receptionist or Operator.

There are also a range of cost saving initiatives available to high spending sites. Consifder installing a GSM gateway and routing your calls over the mobile network using a capped or unlimited phone plan can save Thousands of dollars.

If you need advice there are a number of Phone companies in Australia that specialise in providing advice on Hospitality Phone Lines & Hotel PABX Phone Systems. Telaustralias contact number in Australia is 1300 783 528.

Tony Dunphy is the Managing Director of telaustralia an Australia Business Phone Company

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Gsm Gateway Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
How to send sms from oracle using gsm connection?

We have a table which consits of phone number and a coloumn called flag (it consits of 0,1 values only) we wish to send sms to numbers where flag value is equal to 0. We tried our level best, still we couldnt get a proper result. Hope you could help us.

I can’t help you about finding an SMS gatewway for you to use. You need to get that from a mobile operator. But most gateways can be accessed via email and you can send email from and Oracle database using the UTL_SMTP PL/SQL package.

If the gateway uses HTTP you can use the UTL_HTTP package. You can also go to a lower level using the UTL_TCP package;

Fixed Charges, Business Pricing Reform And The Development Trend Of Convergence

The upper limit of fixed rates, for enterprises to create a more relaxed business environment conducive to the promotion of networking, business, the integration of terminals, activation of fixed-line business.

HC communication network : Ministry of Industry, Development and Reform Commission announced fixed and adjusted PHS , Rent and other charges, the circuit management. Future operators and users according to market demand to determine their own tariff structure and tariff billing unit standards.

Latest reorganization, the three operators are actually full-service carriers, the reform of the three full-service development are far-reaching.

Charges, management changes, fixed can usher in a new spring? This is currently a controversial issue. Just 10 years, Fixed telephone From Communicate Noble became a road show around us are most familiar strangers, with the mobile Communicate The rapid development of the development of fixed telephone lines to be replaced significantly faster, in the eyes of many, seems to have optional fixed. However, last year shocked the world in the Wenchuan earthquake, when the mobile communication base station, when one after another break, the first phone call from the fixed network play, stick to the fixed telephone network from beginning to end in disaster, let us see the fixed-line indispensable. Although the substitution in mobile communications, fixed under the action of the momentum of development has slowed, but the powerful innovation will re-activate the growth of fixed space.

MIIT relaxation rates for the fixed line with industry trends

Ministry of Industry, the National Development and Reform Commission’s “notice” that the fixed local telephone service charges from the government to implement price cap management. Local solid-Hua Fei 3 in accordance with existing standards set file, the first 3 minutes standard rates were 0.18 yuan, 0.2 yuan, 0.22 yuan, according to the notice, the standard per minute, after adjustments were 0.09, 0 .1 yuan, 0.11 yuan.

Government fixed tariffs management change, operators that can be more free to be leveraged with charges to restructure its business. Also, if the fixed tariff reform significantly reduced the smooth opening, has been losing fixed-line users may re-consider the use of fixed-line, help to restore the size of the market growing disassemble. More importantly, fixed rates dropped open space conducive to full-service integration and bundling Marketing , Operators will be more comfortable in the whole business to set a targeted package.

Market reaction confirms the consumer will enjoy the benefits. “Notice” issued soon, Hubei Province Communications Authority, Hubei Province Price Bureau also issued a circular cut fixed telephone? Include “Little Smart”? Local network airtime limit standard operating range, the first reduction in Wuhan city circle. It is understood that, in 2001, Hubei Province, standard call charges range from 0.5 yuan / minute, 2007, down 0.32 yuan / minute, this time down to 0.18 yuan / minute, dropping by 44%, the basic approach “City words” standard.

From greater industrial development environment, an alternative fixed-mobile phone is an irreversible trend. Fixed telephone tariffs in recent years under the impact of mobile phones, in fact, already been reduced significantly, but the speed of the user from the network has not been remarkably improved. Therefore, only by fixed monthly fee tariff reduction or even very difficult to reverse the decline of fixed-line users from the network situation. Meanwhile, China Mobile to bring the impact of fixed wireless landline business market, also shows that the actual price cut fixed-line market has been very limited, fixed will be more as a bundled package of services to increase the efficiency of full-service integration.

Fixed as an important component of integrated business innovation

From “shaking handle” such as an hour long peg to put in a desk little use; from the hundreds of people queuing telephone, to disassemble the speed increase; install a telephone fee from 34 thousand initial installation fee to fees charged for quantity, fixed body has the aura has faded, but even so, has never been fixed cellular phones, pagers are completely out of the market as a sign. Disaster relief in the calendar year, the fixed and the most stable as an indispensable communication lifeline has been playing an important role, especially after last year’s earthquake in Wenchuan, the only smooth fixed lifeline, also fixed as the most basic communication prominent role in the protection.

Very good as a competitive business, fixed-line market to compete for limited space, but can not completely replace, which makes fixed future may be based mainly as a backup means of communication tools exist.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Fixed Cellular Terminal, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
How can I reduce costs of business calls to 084/087 numbers?

Our Sales office has 8 analogue phone lines
Unlimited call packages on all lines take care of the calls to landlines
But
calls to mobiles cost £50/month
calls to 084/087 numbers cost £150/month
No International calls currently
Please can anyone advise/recommend how we can reduce the 084/087 calls?
Is there a provider with a call package that includes these?
Or a lower call cost?
Happy to add additional line(s) or use CPS as necessary.
We can program our PBX (Asterisk) to route 084/087 calls to a particular line or lines or use CPS.
We’ve ordered a fixed cellular terminal for the mobile calls – it only cost £140.
Please can anyone advise/recommend what mobile operator/deal we should use for the calls to mobiles?
Thanks for reading

I would talk to a professional rather than us country folk. Let me tell you my experience. We had mobile bills of 650 to £900 per month and landline calls of probably £450 a month. We had had the same providers for years. Each year they would come in and say here is the new package, it does this that and the other and your charges will go down. They did – but microscopically. We moved both to a new provider – after a bit of investigation and we are down 20% call costs as well as rentals.

I would suggest you get in a small number of companies – give them your call data and ask what they would charge for the same calls. I’m not trying to sell you their package but (assuming you are in the UK) we went with Taurus Clearer communications. We did get a new phone system in as well – but that is not why the call charges came down.

How do GSM gateways work?

Many telecommunications businesses use different telephone exchanges.

The GSM Gateway will give a business lower call costs between landline and a mobile telephone. The GSM gateway exploits the cheaper tariff of mobile to mobile rather than landline to mobile phone calls which have more expensive call rates. The GSM Gateway was part of the revolution of telecommunications. It started in the 1980′s with the introduction of mobile phones. The GSM Gateway hub contains normally two or more mobile phone SIM cards. This of course depends on how many mobile phones you have in your business. All outgoing calls from a landline to mobile phones go to the GSM gateway hub and are reconnected to one of the SIM cards. This switch to a SIM card now makes your call a mobile to mobile phone call which allows you the cheaper call rates.

The GSM Gateway is used already by all types of businesses. This service would be a great benefit to businesses that make lots of landline to mobile calls. For example if you make mobile phone calls that equate to 20% of your total calls, it could make up 60% of your total telephone bill cost.

With some providers this service does not have any capital cost associated with its equipment. The hub will manage your call volumes whatever the size of your business. Most services are fully installed and maintained by the provider.

Research has shown that people who answer a telephone with caller ID are more inclined to answer a telephone number that says unknown caller. Therefore there is more chance of connecting to the person on the first try.

To finish, the most important feature with a GSM Gateway is that it provides a crash option which gives you a separate line if your lines fail. This allows your business to function correctly.

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Gateway Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
What is the best gsm voip gateway?

Hi

Dear,

For my last assignment, I had conduct some research on this topic and found this very helpful  

http://voip.freeoda.com

Best Of Luck,

What would be the best free security system I can get for my laptop?

My Norton security system trial has just ended , and I worried about getting viruses and issues. Please help. Thank you.

I suggest avast! ( http://www.avast.com/free-antivirus-download ). It scans your local computer files, files you open, files you download, email, instant messengers, P2P programs, and websites you visit. You can also block websites, and it also protects against spyware.

GSM Locator – How To Locate Any GSM Cell Phone

Are you looking for a GSM Locator so you’ll be able to easily start locating any GSM phone that you want so you can find out exactly where your partner, child or employee is heading to?

If you want to find this out but you don’t know what GSM locator to get, then I’m here to help out so you’ll make sure that you get the results that you expect to get.

What GSM Locator To Use When You Want To Start Locating Your Partner’s, Child Or Employee’s Location

Before I continue, I really want to make sure that you know the following: Lots of programs that are  around and who are claiming that they can locate GSM phones are fake, scams and not working.

In order to take out the risk of getting a scam and a not working software program, you should always read the feedback that has been given by users of the program. Also, check for any awards and whether it has obtained a high reputation.

To get back to the question on what GSM locator to use, I highly recommend you to use Spybubble. Spybubble is the most easy to use software program that’s around which actually can find out what the location of a GSM is.

What This GSM Locator Can Do For You

As stated above, Spybubble is easy to use, undetectable and more important yet, a working GSM locator. Unlike many other programs around, this one has been proven to work and therefore it has received lots of great feedback.

Also, Spybubble has many features. Take a look at what it can do for you:

* Record phone events.
* Spy on SMS text messages. (Spy on received and sent messages.)
* Spy on web browser activities.
* Call logs (inbound and outbound).
* Location tracking by GPS so you can see exactly where the owner is.
* Full contact access.
* Works from all over the world.
* unlimited spying & 100% undetectable.

Why don’t you take a look at this software program? Visit: Spybubble

So, if you’re looking for a working, undetectable, highly recommended and easy to use GSM locator, then I highly recommend you to get Spybubble, which is a software program which you can use from your computer to find the location of anyone that you want to track down.

So, do you want to find out where your employee, child or partner is heading to? Visit: GSM Locator

Security System equipment sold at up to 75% off within the last 2 hours on our website:
Spy Gsm, 60, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “”, “2″, “”, “”
Which wireless companies use 900, 1800 and 1900 frequencies?

I bought a spy bug and here is what the information states:

AT&T uses 1900 in some rural areas. The other frequencies are for outside the US.