Lie detector or polygraph / laydetektor
In the process of development, people are always interested in the problem lies and the truth. In America, for example, in employment officials conduct enforcement examinations. and perhaps soon the lie detector will be in every family, what would his wife could check each other and their children. if we talk about the lie detector as a device that would allow one hundred percent guaranteed to identify the person is lying or not, such a device does not exist. But at this point in the world there are many devices and methods that allow a small probability do not see that people are not sincere.
What was determined by whether a person is guilty of in ancient times? nearly every civilization had its own unique methods that allow a person to expose the lie. one such method has come to us through folk tales. People who suspect must stand with his hands, laid down his back. they were told that in the next room is a magical animal and the animal should scream when the offender pulls his tail. then he accused one came into the room and returned. the procedure came to an end, but an animal, you guessed it, not all roared, because there is no magic animals. as a result, the judge be inspected by the hands of suspects in the crime. Tail of the animal was sprinkled with black powder, and only the guilty hands are clean, so it is not pulled by the tail, for fear of exposure.
In the Middle Ages, the judges used a very tough measures. the suspect was placed in his hand a piece of hot iron, tied it, and sealed. it was believed that if after a few days there will be no trace of the burn, the man is innocent. In those days, thought that God must do wonder if the person is not guilty. But even in those ancient and troubled times, it was observed that during the interrogation of the guilty person than any fear of being exposed by this change and its physiological reaction. In West Africa, the accused was given into the hand of bird’s egg, with a very fragile shell. since the defendants transferred the egg to each other and felt guilty the one who will crush the egg. the ancient Chinese believed that if a person is afraid of exposure, then it dries the mouth, that is, stop salivating, so the suspect typed in your mouth dry rice and listened to the prosecution. if the rice was dry mouth, the person shall be guilty of.
IbnSina – a doctor who lives in Central Asia in ancient times, advised to observe the pulse of the accused during the interrogation. if you felt an intermittent pulse, for allegiance to a word or phrase repeated provocative and, if again the pulse became intermittent, then the person was considered guilty. by this discovery IbnSina can say developed a method of interrogation. do not even have to utter the phrase, simply call the words that are relevant to the crime.
the basic idea is that the questions asked by the man who produces activation of the sympathetic nervous system and provoke physiological changes and these changes can be registered and analyzed. the polygraph is a joint work of low-frequency amplifiers that record physiological parameters (pulse, blood pressure, respiration amplitude, the frequency of blinking, the electrical activity of the skin, heart rhythms and brain). a large number of indications – increases the percentage of accuracy of the information. it is also very much depends on the operator. it was his experience plays an important role in obtaining the final result. the operator must be able to connect properly and the parameters obtained to determine their value, that is, in other words, be able to interpret these or other evidence of polygraph. However, clear criteria here can not be so – it’s not so much science as art.
how has evolved over time, the technique caught in a lie? In the late nineteenth century Italian ChezareLombrozo measured blood pressure from the accused during the interrogation. Later came to the conclusion that a lie can be detected by watching for even the nature of respiration. it was believed that after the issue which caused the suspect strain, followed by a relieved sigh. In the beginning of the twentieth century, with the breathing technique is widely used in the California police in America. by then it began to produce a device that can simultaneously record breathing, skin electrical activity and blood pressure. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also conducted a successful development of methods of experimental psychophysiology, help in solving crimes, but in nineteen thirty-seventh year, the General Prosecutor’s Office objected to these studies. the prosecuting authorities have seen in such developments encroachment on the basis of procedural law. all investigations have stalled, due to the then ideology. At the same time in the U.S. pass a polygraph test to get into the sphere of influence of private business and become quite profitable part of it. There, almost anyone could buy a polygraph, to obtain a license and become a businessman. the price for this fun started from five thousand dollars. In March one thousand nine and ninety-three in Russia allowed to apply the method in the psychophysiological investigation and search operations.
Evolution of a lie detector, polygraph or laydetektora
Today, the lie detector is a complementary tool that assists in the selection of more accurate and promising directions in the collection of information.
on the effect of the polygraph affects the way the pair will work the investigator and the operator. during the interrogation did not ask questions of the type: You have strangled his wife? we should choose questions that are not forced to respond to other suspects. Is very important how the information supplied. the process itself consists of ten or fifteen questions. Some issues do not cause the reaction, the other forced to show emotion, but the crime does not have a relationship, and these are associated with crime. Emphasis is given to the fact that the innocent will respond to all questions the same way, but one who is guilty, give yourself increased in response to questions related to his criminal activities.
In Russia today, the testimony of the polygraph can not be used in court as evidence, as there is a large percentage of error, because of personal characteristics, verifiable people. At the same time, aware of numerous cases in which countries such as Israel, USA, Poland in sentencing referred to the testimony of the polygraph.
Polygraph does not read thoughts, he just might register the human condition at some point. This means that any lie detector is not difficult to deceive. to do this, there are three ways. the first is, that would reduce the sensitivity for this test to be consumed alcohol on the day of human sensitivity is reduced, and he will not respond to the incentives of the operator objectively. the second method is to suppress all emotion. the principle consists in automatic response to all kinds of questions and issues should not be given importance. to do this, you can focus on some neutral object (wall, for example). it is also possible to specifically increase the response to the questions that should not cause this, one should try, as it were fake reaction, that is to pretend to be. It’s enough to try to multiply complex numbers in mind. Still it is possible to think of something that would cause sexual excitement or anger. Some put in a shoe under the thumb button, when a person presses the button, we get a false response. False reactions can be caused, if the strain any muscle group, but this should not notice the operator.
last time lie detectors are widely used in private practice, people often experience when hiring. But it is generally distributed as long as only abroad. Before we wave a lie detector test has not yet reached. Although soon expect a rush and we, as people tend to learn from each other new things.
Related Posts
